Masterpiece Antique Gilt Bronze Buddha Walking Meditation Thai Amulet Statues
Masterpiece Antique Gilt Bronze Buddha Walking Meditation Thai Amulet Statues RARE. IT CAN TAKE UP TO 2 WEEKS OBTAIN THE EXPORT LICENSE.
This is one of the finest bronze Buddha statues I have come across. It is a true masterpiece... This bears significant evidence to the fact that this piece once adorned a Buddhist Temple or Wat and was previously worshiped by many devout Buddhists. It is common throughout Southeat Asia for believers to place gold leaf on important Buddha statues during worship in Wats.
Usually all the gold is reclaimed at some point, but this piece still contains significant remnants of the gold leaf that once covered it. It is definitely a must have for any serious collector or devout Buddhist practitioner. It will look splendid in your home office or temple. The detailed craftsmanship in this unique masterpiece is remarkable..
It is truly a masterpiece. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Map of Southeast Asia in the 15th century: Blue Violet : Ayutthaya Kingdom Dark Green : Lan Xang. With Chatu Sdomph as executive body. Uthong ascends the throne in Ayutthaya. Personal union with Sukhothai Kingdom. Merge with Sukhothai, and independence from Taungoo. Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. This article contains Thai text. You may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Also spelled Ayudhya was a Siamese. Kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese.Permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the capital, also called Ayutthaya. In the sixteenth century, it was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai.
(165688) had strong links with that of King Louis XIV of France. Whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris. By 1550, the kingdom's vassals included some city-states in the Malay Peninsula. Sukhothai, and parts of Cambodia.
In foreign accounts, Ayutthaya was called Siam, but many sources say the people of Ayutthaya called themselves. 9List of notable foreigners in seventeenth century Ayutthaya. 15.1Dissertations retrieved from ProQuest-Dissertations and Theses on Aug. 15.2Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya. The immense, 19 metres (62 ft) gold-covered seated Buddha in Wat Phanan Choeng.
The latter from 1324, predates the founding of the city. According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Thai state based at Ayutthaya in the valley of the Chao Phraya River. Rose from the earlier, nearby Lavo Kingdom. At that time, still under the control of the Khmer Empire. One source says that in the mid-fourteenth century, due to the threat of an epidemic, King Uthong.
Moved his court south into the rich floodplain of the Chao Phraya River. Onto an island surrounded by rivers. The name of the city indicates the influence of Hinduism. In the region as it is the Thai pronunciation of the famous Indian city of Ayodhya. It is believed that this city is associated with the Thai national epic, the.
Which is the Thai version of the. Ayutthaya is shown in the Fra Mauro map. 1450 under the name "Scierno", derived from the Persian "Shahr-I-Naw", meaning "New City" [3]. Ayutthaya began its hegemony by conquering northern kingdoms and city-states like Sukhothai. Before the end of the fifteenth century, Ayutthaya launched attacks on Angkor.The classical great power of the region. Angkor's influence eventually faded from the Chao Phraya River Plain while Ayutthaya became a new great power.
The emerging Kingdom of Ayutthaya was also growing powerful. Relations between the Ayutthaya and Lan Na. Had worsened since the Ayutthayan support of Thau Choi's rebellion In 1451, Yuttitthira, a noble of the Kingdom of Sukhothai who had conflicts with Borommatrailokkanat. Of Ayutthaya, gave himself to Tilokaraj.Yuttitthira urged Borommatrailokkanat to invade Phitsanulok, igniting the Ayutthaya-Lan Na War. Over the Upper Chao Phraya valley (the Kingdom of Sukhothai). In 1460, the governor of Chaliang surrendered to Tilokaraj.
Borommatrailokkanat then used a new strategy and concentrated on the wars with Lanna by moving the capital to Phitsanulok. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Tilokaraj eventually sued for peace in 1475. However, the kingdom of Ayutthaya was not a unified state but rather a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya under. These principalities might be ruled by members of the royal family of Ayutthaya, or by local rulers who had their own independent armies, having a duty to assist the capital when war or invasion occurred. However, it was evident that from time to time local revolts, led by local princes or kings, took place.Ayutthaya had to suppress them. 1686 French Map of Siam.
Due to the lack of succession law and a strong concept of meritocracy. Whenever the succession was in dispute, princely governors or powerful dignitaries claiming their merit gathered their forces and moved on the capital to press their claims, culminating in several bloody coups. Beginning in the fifteenth century, Ayutthaya showed an interest in the Malay Peninsula. But the great trading ports of the Malacca Sultanate. Contested its claims to sovereignty. Ayutthaya launched several abortive conquests against Malacca which was diplomatically and economically fortified by the military support of Ming China. In the early fifteenth century the Ming admiral Zheng He. Had established a base of operation in the port city, making it a strategic position the Chinese could not afford to lose to the Siamese. Under this protection, Malacca flourished, becoming one of Ayutthaya's great foes until the capture of Malacca.Starting in the middle of the 16th century, the kingdom came under repeated attacks by the Taungoo Dynasty. Began with Burmese an invasion and a failed siege of Ayutthaya. The royal family was taken to Bago, Burma. With the king's second son Mahinthrathirat. Installed as the vassal king.
In 1568, Mahinthrathirat revolted when his father managed to return from Bago as a Buddhist monk. The ensuing third siege captured Ayutthaya in 1569. Enters an abandoned Bago, Burma. In 1600, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam.
After Bayinnaung's death in 1581, uparaja Naresuan. Proclaimed Ayutthaya's independence in 1584.
The Thai fought off repeated Burmese invasions (15841593), capped by an elephant duel between King Naresuan and Burmese heir-apparent Mingyi Swa. In 1593 during the fourth siege of Ayutthaya in which Naresuan famously slew Mingyi Swa observed. 18 January as Royal Thai Armed Forces. Was a Thai attack on Burma, resulting in the capture of the Tanintharyi Region. In 1595 and Lan Na in 1602.Naresuan even invaded mainland Burma as far as Taungoo in 1600, but was driven back. The Ayutthaya Kingdom's attempt to take over Lan Na and northern Tanintharyi in 16621664. Foreign trade brought Ayutthaya not only luxury items but also new arms and weapons.
In the mid-seventeenth century, during King Narai's reign, Ayutthaya became very prosperous. In the eighteenth century, Ayutthaya gradually lost control over its provinces. Provincial governors exerted their power independently, and rebellions against the capital began.
In the mid-eighteenth century, Ayutthaya again became ensnared in wars with the Burmese. Begun by the Konbaung Dynasty. Resulted in the sack of the city of Ayutthaya and the end of the kingdom by debellatio. Kingship of Ayutthaya Kingdom edit. Ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya after Burmese invasion. The kings of Ayutthaya were absolute monarchs with semi-religious status. Their authority derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership. The king of Sukhothai was the inspiration of Inscription 1 found in Sukhothai, which stated that King Ramkhamhaeng would hear the petition of any subject who rang the bell at the palace gate. The king was thus considered as a father by his people. At Ayutthaya, however, the paternal aspects of kingship disappeared. The king was considered the. Who through his adherence to the law made all the world revolve around him.According to Hindu tradition, the king is the avatar. Destroyer of demons, who was born to be the defender of the people. The Buddhist belief in the king is as righteous ruler Sanskrit.
Dharmaraja, aiming at the well-being of the people and who strictly follows the teaching of Gautama Buddha. The kings' official names were reflections of those religions: Hinduism and Buddhism. They were considered as the incarnation of various Hindu gods: Indra.The coronation ceremony was directed by brahmins. Shiva was "lord of the universe". However, according to the codes, the king had the ultimate duty as protector of the people and the annihilator of evil. The king was also believed to be a bodhisattva.
For locals, another aspect of the kingship was also the analogy of "The Lord of the Land" or "He who Rules the Earth". According to the court etiquette, a special language. Abda, "Royal Language", was used to communicate with or about royalty.
In Ayutthaya, the king was said to grant control over land to his subjects, from nobles to commoners, according to the. System was similar to, but not the same as feudalism. Under which the monarch does not own the land.
While there is no concrete evidence that this land management system constituted a formal palace economy. The French François-Timoléon de Choisy. Who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote, the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name. Another 17th-century writer, the Dutchman Jan van Vliet.Remarked that the King of Siam was honoured and worshipped by his subjects second to god. Laws and orders were issued by the king.
For sometimes the king himself was also the highest judge who judged and punished important criminals such as traitors or rebels. System, another of the numerous institutional innovations of Borommatrailokkanat.
Was to adopt the position of. Translated as "viceroy" or "prince", usually held by the king's senior son or full brother, in an attempt to regularise the succession to the thronea particularly difficult feat for a polygamous dynasty. In practice, there was inherent conflict between king and. However, it is evident that the power of the Throne of Ayutthaya had its limit. The hegemony of the Ayutthaya king was always based on his charisma in terms of his age and supporters. Without supporters, bloody coups took place from time to time. The most powerful figures of the capital were always generals, or the Minister of Military Department. During the last century of Ayutthaya, the bloody fighting among princes and generals, aiming at the throne, plagued the court.Social and political development edit. Mandala (Southeast Asian political model). Painting of Ayutthaya, ordered by the Dutch East India Company.
The reforms of King Borommatrailokkanat. 14481488 placed the king of Ayutthaya at the centre of a highly stratified social and political hierarchy that extended throughout the realm. Despite a lack of evidence, it is believed that in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the basic unit of social organisation was the village community composed of extended family households. Title to land resided with the headman, who held it in the name of the community, although peasant proprietors enjoyed the use of land as long as they cultivated it. The lords gradually became courtiers.The king ultimately came to be recognised as the earthly incarnation. Of Shiva or Vishnu and became the sacred object of politico-religious cult practices. Officiated over by royal court brahmans, part of the Buddhist court retinue. In the Buddhist context, the. (divine king) was a bodhisattva.
The belief in divine kingship prevailed into the eighteenth century, although by that time its religious implications had limited impact. With ample reserves of land available for cultivation, the realm depended on the acquisition and control of adequate manpower for farm labour and defence. The dramatic rise of Ayutthaya had entailed constant warfare and, as none of the parties in the region possessed a technological advantage, the outcome of battles was usually determined by the size of the armies. After each victorious campaign, Ayutthaya carried away a number of conquered people to its own territory, where they were assimilated and added to the labour force. System under which every freeman had to be registered as a.(servant) with the local lords. When war broke out, male. , who was responsible for military service, corvée labour on public works, and on the land of the official to whom he was assigned. If he found the forced labour under his.
Repugnant, he could sell himself as a. Slave to a more attractive. As much as one-third of the manpower supply into the nineteenth century was composed of. Wealth, status, and political influence were interrelated.The size of each official's allotment was determined by the number of commoners or. He could command to work it.
The amount of manpower a particular headman, or official, could command determined his status relative to others in the hierarchy and his wealth. At the apex of the hierarchy, the king, who was symbolically the realm's largest landholder, theoretically commanded the services of the largest number of.
However, the recruitment of the armed forces depended on. Literally meaning'lord', officials who commanded their own.
These officials had to submit to the king's command when war broke out. Officials thus became the key figures to the kingdom's politics.At least two officials staged coups, taking the throne themselves while bloody struggles between the king and his officials, followed by purges of court officials, were always seen. King Trailok, in the early sixteenth century, established definite allotments of land and. For the royal officials at each rung in the hierarchy, thus determining the country's social structure until the introduction of salaries for government officials in the nineteenth century. Outside this system to some extent were the sangha. (Buddhist monastic community), which all classes of men could join, and the Overseas Chinese.
Became centres of Thai education and culture, while during this period the Chinese first began to settle in Thailand and soon began to establish control over the country's economic life. The Chinese were not obliged to register for corvée duty, so they were free to move about the kingdom at will and engage in commerce. By the sixteenth century, the Chinese controlled Ayutthaya's internal trade and had found important places in the civil and military service. Most of these men took Thai wives because few women left China to accompany the men. Uthong was responsible for the compilation of a.
A legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. Remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. A bureaucracy based on a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials was introduced, and society was organised in a related manner.
The sixteenth century witnessed the rise of Burma, which had overrun Chiang Mai. And made war on the Thai.
In 1569, Burmese forces, joined by Thai rebels, mostly royal family members of Thailand, captured the city of Ayutthaya and carried off the whole royal family to Burma. Dhammaraja (156990), a Thai governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya.
Thai independence was restored by his son, King Naresuan (15901605), who turned on the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country. Determined to prevent another treason like his father's, Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to execute policies handed down by the king.
Thereafter royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but at court under the king's watchful eye. To ensure his control over the new class of governors, Naresuan decreed that all freemen subject to. Bound directly to the king, who distributed the use of their services to his officials. This measure gave the king a theoretical monopoly on all manpower, and the idea developed that since the king owned the services of all the people, he also possessed all the land. Ministerial offices and governorships-and the sakdina that went with them-were usually inherited positions dominated by a few families often connected to the king by marriage. Indeed, marriage was frequently used by Thai kings to cement alliances between themselves and powerful families, a custom prevailing through the nineteenth century. As a result of this policy, the king's wives usually numbered in the dozens. Even with Naresuan's reforms, the effectiveness of the royal government over the next 150 years was unstable. Royal power outside the crown lands-although in theory absolutewas in practice limited by the looseness of the civil administration.The influence of central government and the king was not extensive beyond the capital. When war with the Burmese broke out in late eighteenth century, provinces easily abandoned the capital. As the enforcing troops were not easily rallied to defend the capital, the city of Ayutthaya could not stand against the Burmese aggressors.
Buddha head overgrown by fig. However, many of the elements of the political and social system were incorporated from Hindu. Scriptures and were conducted by Brahmin. Many areas of the kingdom also practised Mahayana Buddhism. And, influenced by French Missionaries.
Who arrived through China in the 17th century, some small areas converted to Roman Catholicism. The influence of Mahayana and Tantric prractices also entered Theravada Buddhism, producing a tradition called Tantric Theravada. The Thais never lacked a rich food supply. Whatever remained was used to support religious institutions. From the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries, however, a remarkable transformation took place in Thai rice cultivation.
In the highlands, where rainfall had to be supplemented by a system of irrigation [note 2]. That controlled the water level in flooded paddies, the Thais sowed the glutinous rice that is still the staple in the geographical regions of the North and Northeast. But in the floodplain of the Chao Phraya, farmers turned to a different variety of rice-the so-called floating rice. A slender, non-glutinous grain introduced from Bengal-that would grow fast enough to keep pace with the rise of the water level in the lowland fields.
Ayutthaya, situated at the southern extremity of the floodplain, thus became the hub of economic activity. Under royal patronage, corvée labour dug canals on which rice was brought from the fields to the king's ships for export to China. In the process, the Chao Phraya Delta-mud flats between the sea and firm land hitherto considered unsuitable for habitation-was reclaimed and placed under cultivation.
Traditionally the king had a duty to perform a religious ceremony blessing the rice plantation. Although rice was abundant in Ayutthaya, rice export was banned from time to time when famine occurred because of natural calamity or war. Rice was usually bartered for luxury goods and armaments from westerners, but rice cultivation was mainly for the domestic market and rice export was evidently unreliable. Trade with Europeans was lively in the seventeenth century.
In fact European merchants traded their goods, mainly modern arms such as rifles and cannons, with local products from the inland jungle such as. Bridge woods, deerskin and rice.A Portuguese voyager, mentioned in the sixteenth century that Ayutthaya, or. Most of the foreign merchants coming to Ayutthaya were European and Chinese, and were taxed by the authorities. The kingdom had an abundance of rice, salt, dried fish, arrack. Trade with foreigners, mainly the Dutch, reached its peak in the seventeenth century.
Ayutthaya became a main destination for merchants from China and Japan. It was apparent that foreigners began taking part in the kingdom's politics. Ayutthayan kings employed foreign mercenaries who sometimes entered the wars with the kingdom's enemies. However, after the purge of the French in late seventeenth century, the major traders with Ayutthaya were the Chinese.The Dutch from the Dutch East Indies Company. (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC), were still active. Ayutthaya's economy declined rapidly in the eighteenth century, until the Burmese invasion caused the total collapse of Ayutthaya's economy in 1788. Contacts with the West edit. Memorial plate in Lopburi showing King Narai with French ambassadors.
In 1511, immediately after having conquered Malacca. The Portuguese sent a diplomatic mission headed by Duarte Fernandes. To the court of King Ramathibodi II.They were the first Europeans to visit the country. Five years after that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom. A similar treaty in 1592 gave the Dutch a privileged position in the rice trade. Foreigners were cordially welcomed at the court of Narai. (16571688), a ruler with a cosmopolitan outlook who was nonetheless wary of outside influence.
Important commercial ties were forged with Japan. Dutch and English trading companies were allowed to establish factories, and Thai diplomatic missions were sent to Paris and The Hague. By maintaining all these ties, the Thai court skilfully played off the Dutch against the English and the French, avoiding the excessive influence of a single power. In 1664, however, the Dutch used force to exact a treaty granting them extraterritorial rights as well as freer access to trade. At the urging of his foreign minister, the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon. Narai turned to France for assistance.French engineers constructed fortifications for the Thais and built a new palace at Lopburi. In addition, French missionaries engaged in education and medicine and brought the first printing press into the country. Louis XIV's personal interest was aroused by reports from missionaries suggesting that Narai might be converted to Christianity. Siamese embassy to Louis XIV.
In 1686, by Nicolas Larmessin. The French presence encouraged by Phaulkon, however, stirred the resentment and suspicions of the Thai nobles and Buddhist clergy. When word spread that Narai was dying, a general, Phetracha.
(reigned 168893) stage a coup d'état. Seized the throne, killed the designated heir, a Christian, and had Phaulkon put to death along with a number of missionaries and expelled the remaining foreigners. Some studies said that Ayutthaya began a period of alienation from western traders, while welcoming more Chinese merchants. But other recent studies argue that, due to wars and conflicts in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century, European merchants reduced their activities in the East. However, it was apparent that the Dutch East Indies Company or VOC was still doing business in Ayutthaya despite political difficulties. Ayutthaya and Southeast Asia c. Three pagodas of Wat Phra Si Sanphet.Which house the remains of King Borommatrailokanat, King Borommarachathirat III and King Ramathibodi II. After a bloody period of dynastic struggle, Ayutthaya entered into what has been called the golden age, a relatively peaceful episode in the second quarter of the eighteenth century when art, literature, and learning flourished. Ayutthaya fought with the Nguy?
(Vietnamese rulers of South Vietnam) for control of Cambodia. But a greater threat came from Burma, where the new Alaungpaya. Dynasty (Konbaung dynasty) had subdued the Shan states. The last fifty years of the kingdom witnessed a bloody struggle among the princes.
The throne was their prime target. Purges of court officials and able generals followed. Originally known as Prince Anurakmontree, forced the king, who was his younger brother, to step down and took the throne himself.
According to a French source, Ayutthaya in the eighteenth century comprised these principal cities: Martaban, Ligor. Or Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Tenasserim, Junk Ceylon. In 1765, a combined 40,000-strong force of Burmese armies invaded the territories of Ayutthaya from the north and west.
Major outlying towns quickly capitulated. The only notable example of successful resistance to these forces was found at the village of Bang Rajan.
After a 14 months' siege, the city of Ayutthaya capitulated and was burned in April 1767. Ayutthaya's art treasures, the libraries containing its literature, and the archives housing its historic records were almost totally destroyed, [36]. And the Burmese brought the Ayutthaya Kingdom to ruin. The Burmese rule lasted a mere few months. The Burmese, who had also been fighting a simultaneous war with the Chinese.Since 1765, were forced to withdraw in early 1768 when the Chinese forces threatened their own capital. With most Burmese forces having withdrawn, the country was reduced to chaos. All that remained of the old capital were some ruins of the royal palace. Provinces proclaimed independence under generals, rogue monks, and members of the royal family.
He gathered forces and began striking back at the Burmese. He finally established a capital at Thonburi. From the present capital, Bangkok.
Taak-Sin ascended the throne, becoming known as King Taak-Sin or Taksin. The ruins of the historic city of Ayutthaya and "associated historic towns" in the Ayutthaya historical park. Have been listed by the UNESCO. The city of Ayutthaya was refounded near the old city, and is now capital of the Ayutthaya province.The item "Masterpiece Antique Gilt Bronze Buddha Walking Meditation Thai Amulet Statues" is in sale since Saturday, May 21, 2016. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Religion & Spirituality\Buddhism\Statues & Figures". The seller is "theverybest99" and is located in default, SP.
This item can be shipped worldwide.
- Country//Region of Manufacture: Thailand